服务间基于HTTP通信相对于grpc、dubbo之类的通信效率要低得多，一方面是后者的传输数据结构紧凑，使用了序列化和压缩；另一方面，后者使用了TCP连接池，而前者默认情况下每一次服务间的通信会创建一个新的HTTP请求，会产生不小的性能消耗，对于需要额外非对称加密的HTTPS请求，性能消耗更加严重。
非连接池
默认情况下springboot的RestTemplate使用的org.springframework.http.client.SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory，即对每一次HTTP请求均新建一个新的TCP连接，请求结束后则关闭该连接。
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| RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
for(int i=0;i<100;i++) {
ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity("https://wakzz.cn", String.class);
System.out.println(responseEntity.getBody());
}
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通过抓包如下图，每次的HTTP请求都会断开上次的TCP连接，然后重新3次握手新建一个TCP连接。
连接池
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory默认使用HTTP连接池PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager，其默认参数maxTotal为10即连接池最大HTTP连接数量为10，maxPerRoute为2即连接池中相同目标IP和端口号的HTTP连接数量最多为2。
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| HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory httpClientFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory();
httpClientFactory.setConnectTimeout(2000);
httpClientFactory.setReadTimeout(10000);
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(httpClientFactory);
for(int i=0;i<100;i++) {
ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity("https://wakzz.cn", String.class);
System.out.println(responseEntity.getBody());
}
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或者用户自定义PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager的参数：
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| PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
poolingConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(100);
poolingConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(10);
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create()
.setConnectionManager(poolingConnectionManager)
.build();
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory httpClientFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory();
httpClientFactory.setConnectTimeout(2000);
httpClientFactory.setReadTimeout(10000);
httpClientFactory.setHttpClient(httpClient);
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(httpClientFactory);
for(int i=0;i<100;i++) {
ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity("https://wakzz.cn", String.class);
System.out.println(responseEntity.getBody());
}
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通过抓包如下图，每次的HTTP请求都复用的同一个TCP连接，无需在建立TCP连接上花费多余的性能消耗。
连接池连接状态：
源码分析
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory缺省值情况下在org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder#build创建HTTP连接池：
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| final PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingmgr = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(
RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory>create()
.register("http", PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory())
.register("https", sslSocketFactoryCopy)
.build(),
null,
null,
dnsResolver,
connTimeToLive,
connTimeToLiveTimeUnit != null ? connTimeToLiveTimeUnit : TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
if (defaultSocketConfig != null) {
poolingmgr.setDefaultSocketConfig(defaultSocketConfig);
}
if (defaultConnectionConfig != null) {
poolingmgr.setDefaultConnectionConfig(defaultConnectionConfig);
}
if (systemProperties) {
String s = System.getProperty("http.keepAlive", "true");
if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(s)) {
s = System.getProperty("http.maxConnections", "5");
final int max = Integer.parseInt(s);
poolingmgr.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(max);
poolingmgr.setMaxTotal(2 * max);
}
}
if (maxConnTotal > 0) {
poolingmgr.setMaxTotal(maxConnTotal);
}
if (maxConnPerRoute > 0) {
poolingmgr.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(maxConnPerRoute);
}
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org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec#execute从连接池获取HTTP连接：
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| final ConnectionRequest connRequest = connManager.requestConnection(route, userToken);
if (execAware != null) {
if (execAware.isAborted()) {
connRequest.cancel();
throw new RequestAbortedException("Request aborted");
} else {
execAware.setCancellable(connRequest);
}
}
final RequestConfig config = context.getRequestConfig();
final HttpClientConnection managedConn;
try {
final int timeout = config.getConnectionRequestTimeout();
managedConn = connRequest.get(timeout > 0 ? timeout : 0, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
} catch(final InterruptedException interrupted) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
throw new RequestAbortedException("Request aborted", interrupted);
} catch(final ExecutionException ex) {
Throwable cause = ex.getCause();
if (cause == null) {
cause = ex;
}
throw new RequestAbortedException("Request execution failed", cause);
}
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每次发起HTTP请求时通过路由route（目标IP和端口号）从连接池获取链接，默认timeout为0即从连接池无限等待获取连接不超时。